XML: XMLデータの操作 ======================== :Version: 3.0 :Scope: global :Named arguments: supported XML ドキュメントの検証や変更に使える Robot Framework テストライブラリです 名前から判るように、 _XML_ は XML ファイルの内容を検証に使えるテストライブラリです。 実際には、このライブラリは [https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html|ElementTree XML API] の薄いラッパです。 このライブラリの主な用途は: - XML ファイルや XML 文書の入った文字列を解析し、 XML エレメント構造に変換して、文書中のエレメントを解析用に取り出します。 (`Parse XML` や `Get Element` キーワード) - エレメントのテキストやアトリビュートを取り出します (`Get Element Text` や `Get Element Attribute`) - テキスト、アトリビュート、エレメント群全体に対する検証を実行します (`Element Text Should Be` や `Elements Should Be Equal`) - XML を変更したり、ファイルに保存したりします (`Set Element Text`, `Add Element`, `Save XML`) さくいん ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - `Parsing XML` - `Using lxml` - `Example` - `Finding elements with xpath` - `Element attributes` - `Handling XML namespaces` - `Boolean arguments` - `Shortcuts` - `Keywords` Parsing XML -------------------------------------------- XML can be parsed into an element structure using `Parse XML` keyword. It accepts both paths to XML files and strings that contain XML. The keyword returns the root element of the structure, which then contains other elements as its children and their children. Possible comments and processing instructions in the source XML are removed. XML is not validated during parsing even if has a schema defined. How possible doctype elements are handled otherwise depends on the used XML module and on the platform. The standard ElementTree strips doctypes altogether but when `using lxml` they are preserved when XML is saved. With IronPython parsing XML with a doctype is not supported at all. The element structure returned by `Parse XML`, as well as elements returned by keywords such as `Get Element`, can be used as the ``source`` argument with other keywords. In addition to an already parsed XML structure, other keywords also accept paths to XML files and strings containing XML similarly as `Parse XML`. Notice that keywords that modify XML do not write those changes back to disk even if the source would be given as a path to a file. Changes must always saved explicitly using `Save XML` keyword. When the source is given as a path to a file, the forward slash character (``/``) can be used as the path separator regardless the operating system. On Windows also the backslash works, but it the test data it needs to be escaped by doubling it (``\\``). Using the built-in variable ``${/}`` naturally works too. Using lxml -------------------------------------------- By default this library uses Python's standard [https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html|ElementTree] module for parsing XML, but it can be configured to use [http://lxml.de|lxml] module instead when `importing` the library. The resulting element structure has same API regardless which module is used for parsing. The main benefits of using lxml is that it supports richer xpath syntax than the standard ElementTree and enables using `Evaluate Xpath` keyword. It also preserves the doctype and possible namespace prefixes saving XML. The lxml support is new in Robot Framework 2.8.5. Example -------------------------------------------- The following simple example demonstrates parsing XML and verifying its contents both using keywords in this library and in _BuiltIn_ and _Collections_ libraries. How to use xpath expressions to find elements and what attributes the returned elements contain are discussed, with more examples, in `Finding elements with xpath` and `Element attributes` sections. In this example, as well as in many other examples in this documentation, ``${XML}`` refers to the following example XML document. In practice ``${XML}`` could either be a path to an XML file or it could contain the XML itself. | | text | | | | | more text | | | | |

| Text with bold and italics. |

| | | ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | | | | `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | example | | | | ${first} = | `Get Element` | ${root} | first | | | `Should Be Equal` | ${first.text} | text | | | | `Dictionary Should Contain Key` | ${first.attrib} | id | | | `Element Text Should Be` | ${first} | text | | | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${first} | id | 1 | | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | id | 1 | xpath=first | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${XML} | id | 1 | xpath=first | Notice that in the example three last lines are equivalent. Which one to use in practice depends on which other elements you need to get or verify. If you only need to do one verification, using the last line alone would suffice. If more verifications are needed, parsing the XML with `Parse XML` only once would be more efficient. Finding elements with xpath -------------------------------------------- ElementTree, and thus also this library, supports finding elements using xpath expressions. ElementTree does not, however, support the full xpath syntax, and what is supported depends on its version. ElementTree 1.3 that is distributed with Python 2.7 supports richer syntax than earlier versions. The supported xpath syntax is explained below and [http://effbot.org/zone/element-xpath.htm|ElementTree documentation] provides more details. In the examples ``${XML}`` refers to the same XML structure as in the earlier example. If lxml support is enabled when `importing` the library, the whole [http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/|xpath 1.0 standard] is supported. That includes everything listed below but also lot of other useful constructs. Tag names ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When just a single tag name is used, xpath matches all direct child elements that have that tag name. | ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third | | `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | third | | | @{children} = | `Get Elements` | ${elem} | child | | `Length Should Be` | ${children} | 2 | | Paths ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Paths are created by combining tag names with a forward slash (``/``). For example, ``parent/child`` matches all ``child`` elements under ``parent`` element. Notice that if there are multiple ``parent`` elements that all have ``child`` elements, ``parent/child`` xpath will match all these ``child`` elements. | ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second/child | | `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | child | | | ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third/child/grandchild | | `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | grandchild | | Wildcards ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An asterisk (``*``) can be used in paths instead of a tag name to denote any element. | @{children} = | `Get Elements` | ${XML} | */child | | `Length Should Be` | ${children} | 3 | | Current element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The current element is denoted with a dot (``.``). Normally the current element is implicit and does not need to be included in the xpath. Parent element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The parent element of another element is denoted with two dots (``..``). Notice that it is not possible to refer to the parent of the current element. This syntax is supported only in ElementTree 1.3 (i.e. Python/Jython 2.7 and newer). | ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | */second/.. | | `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | third | | Search all sub elements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Two forward slashes (``//``) mean that all sub elements, not only the direct children, are searched. If the search is started from the current element, an explicit dot is required. | @{elements} = | `Get Elements` | ${XML} | .//second | | `Length Should Be` | ${elements} | 2 | | | ${b} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html//b | | `Should Be Equal` | ${b.text} | bold | | Predicates ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Predicates allow selecting elements using also other criteria than tag names, for example, attributes or position. They are specified after the normal tag name or path using syntax ``path[predicate]``. The path can have wildcards and other special syntax explained above. What predicates ElementTree supports is explained in the table below. Notice that predicates in general are supported only in ElementTree 1.3 (i.e. Python/Jython 2.7 and newer). | = Predicate = | = Matches = | = Example = | | @attrib | Elements with attribute ``attrib``. | second[@id] | | @attrib="value" | Elements with attribute ``attrib`` having value ``value``. | *[@id="2"] | | position | Elements at the specified position. Position can be an integer (starting from 1), expression ``last()``, or relative expression like ``last() - 1``. | third/child[1] | | tag | Elements with a child element named ``tag``. | third/child[grandchild] | Predicates can also be stacked like ``path[predicate1][predicate2]``. A limitation is that possible position predicate must always be first. Element attributes -------------------------------------------- All keywords returning elements, such as `Parse XML`, and `Get Element`, return ElementTree's [http://docs.python.org/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml.etree.ElementTr ee.Element|Element objects]. These elements can be used as inputs for other keywords, but they also contain several useful attributes that can be accessed directly using the extended variable syntax. The attributes that are both useful and convenient to use in the test data are explained below. Also other attributes, including methods, can be accessed, but that is typically better to do in custom libraries than directly in the test data. The examples use the same ``${XML}`` structure as the earlier examples. tag ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The tag of the element. | ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | | `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | example | text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The text that the element contains or Python ``None`` if the element has no text. Notice that the text _does not_ contain texts of possible child elements nor text after or between children. Notice also that in XML whitespace is significant, so the text contains also possible indentation and newlines. To get also text of the possible children, optionally whitespace normalized, use `Get Element Text` keyword. | ${1st} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | first | | `Should Be Equal` | ${1st.text} | text | | | ${2nd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second/child | | `Should Be Equal` | ${2nd.text} | ${NONE} | | | ${p} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html/p | | `Should Be Equal` | ${p.text} | \n${SPACE*6}Text with${SPACE} | tail ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The text after the element before the next opening or closing tag. Python ``None`` if the element has no tail. Similarly as with ``text``, also ``tail`` contains possible indentation and newlines. | ${b} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html/p/b | | `Should Be Equal` | ${b.tail} | ${SPACE}and${SPACE} | attrib ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A Python dictionary containing attributes of the element. | ${2nd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second | | `Should Be Equal` | ${2nd.attrib['id']} | 2 | | | ${3rd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third | | `Should Be Empty` | ${3rd.attrib} | | | Handling XML namespaces -------------------------------------------- ElementTree and lxml handle possible namespaces in XML documents by adding the namespace URI to tag names in so called Clark Notation. That is inconvenient especially with xpaths, and by default this library strips those namespaces away and moves them to ``xmlns`` attribute instead. That can be avoided by passing ``keep_clark_notation`` argument to `Parse XML` keyword. The pros and cons of both approaches are discussed in more detail below. How ElementTree handles namespaces ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If an XML document has namespaces, ElementTree adds namespace information to tag names in [http://www.jclark.com/xml/xmlns.htm|Clark Notation] (e.g. ``{http://ns.uri}tag``) and removes original ``xmlns`` attributes. This is done both with default namespaces and with namespaces with a prefix. How it works in practice is illustrated by the following example, where ``${NS}`` variable contains this XML document: | | | | | | ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${NS} | keep_clark_notation=yes | | `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | {http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform}stylesheet | | `Element Should Exist` | ${root} | {http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform}tem plate/{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}html | | `Should Be Empty` | ${root.attrib} | As you can see, including the namespace URI in tag names makes xpaths really long and complex. If you save the XML, ElementTree moves namespace information back to ``xmlns`` attributes. Unfortunately it does not restore the original prefixes: | | | | | The resulting output is semantically same as the original, but mangling prefixes like this may still not be desirable. Notice also that the actual output depends slightly on ElementTree version. Default namespace handling ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Because the way ElementTree handles namespaces makes xpaths so complicated, this library, by default, strips namespaces from tag names and moves that information back to ``xmlns`` attributes. How this works in practice is shown by the example below, where ``${NS}`` variable contains the same XML document as in the previous example. | ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${NS} | | `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | stylesheet | | `Element Should Exist` | ${root} | template/html | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | xmlns | http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | xmlns | http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml | xpath=template/html | Now that tags do not contain namespace information, xpaths are simple again. A minor limitation of this approach is that namespace prefixes are lost. As a result the saved output is not exactly same as the original one in this case either: | | | Also this output is semantically same as the original. If the original XML had only default namespaces, the output would also look identical. Namespaces when using lxml ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Namespaces are handled the same way also when `using lxml`. The only difference is that lxml stores information about namespace prefixes and thus they are preserved if XML is saved. Attribute namespaces ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Attributes in XML documents are, by default, in the same namespaces as the element they belong to. It is possible to use different namespaces by using prefixes, but this is pretty rare. If an attribute has a namespace prefix, ElementTree will replace it with Clark Notation the same way it handles elements. Because stripping namespaces from attributes could cause attribute conflicts, this library does not handle attribute namespaces at all. Thus the following example works the same way regardless how namespaces are handled. | ${root} = | `Parse XML` | | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | id | 1 | | `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | {http://my.ns}id | 2 | Boolean arguments -------------------------------------------- Some keywords accept arguments that are handled as Boolean values true or false. If such an argument is given as a string, it is considered false if it is either empty or case-insensitively equal to ``false`` or ``no``. Other strings are considered true regardless their value, and other argument types are tested using same [http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing|rules as in Python]. True examples: | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=True | # Strings are generally true. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=yes | # Same as the above. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=${TRUE} | # Python ``True`` is true. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=${42} | # Numbers other than 0 are true. | False examples: | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=False | # String ``false`` is false. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=no | # Also string ``no`` is false. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=${EMPTY} | # Empty string is false. | | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | keep_clark_notation=${FALSE} | # Python ``False`` is false. | Note that prior to Robot Framework 2.9, all non-empty strings, including ``false`` and ``no``, were considered true. Importing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [use_lxml=False] Import library with optionally lxml mode enabled. By default this library uses Python's standard [https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html|ElementTree] module for parsing XML. If ``use_lxml`` argument is given a true value (see `Boolean arguments`), the library will use [http://lxml.de|lxml] module instead. See `Using lxml` section for benefits provided by lxml. Using lxml requires that the lxml module is installed on the system. If lxml mode is enabled but the module is not installed, this library will emit a warning and revert back to using the standard ElementTree. The support for lxml is new in Robot Framework 2.8.5. Add Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, element, index=None, xpath=.] Adds a child element to the specified element. The element to whom to add the new element is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. The ``element`` to add can be specified as a path to an XML file or as a string containing XML, or it can be an already parsed XML element. The element is copied before adding so modifying either the original or the added element has no effect on the other . The element is added as the last child by default, but a custom index can be used to alter the position. Indices start from zero (0 = first position, 1 = second position, etc.), and negative numbers refer to positions at the end (-1 = second last position, -2 = third last, etc.). Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Add Element | ${XML} | | | Add Element | ${XML} | | xpath=new | | Add Element | ${XML} | | index=1 | xpath=new | | ${new} = | Get Element | ${XML} | new | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${new} | | Use `Remove Element` or `Remove Elements` to remove elements. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Clear Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=., clear_tail=False] Clears the contents of the specified element. The element to clear is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. Clearing the element means removing its text, attributes, and children. Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed by giving ``clear_tail`` a true value (see `Boolean arguments`). See `Element attributes` section for more information about tail in general. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Clear Element | ${XML} | xpath=first | | ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=first | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${first} | | | Clear Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p/b | clear_tail=yes | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes | | Clear Element | ${XML} | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${XML} | | Use `Remove Element` to remove the whole element. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Copy Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Returns a copy of the specified element. The element to copy is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. If the copy or the original element is modified afterwards, the changes have no effect on the other. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${elem} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=first | | ${copy1} = | Copy Element | ${elem} | | ${copy2} = | Copy Element | ${XML} | xpath=first | | Set Element Text | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first | | Set Element Attribute | ${copy1} | id | new | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${elem} | new text | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${copy1} | text | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${copy2} | text | New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Element Attribute Should Be ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, expected, xpath=., message=None] Verifies that the specified attribute is ``expected``. The element whose attribute is verified is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The keyword passes if the attribute ``name`` of the element is equal to the ``expected`` value, and otherwise it fails. The default error message can be overridden with the ``message`` argument. To test that the element does not have a certain attribute, Python ``None`` (i.e. variable ``${NONE}``) can be used as the expected value. A cleaner alternative is using `Element Should Not Have Attribute`. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | 1 | xpath=first | | Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | ${NONE} | | See also `Element Attribute Should Match` and `Get Element Attribute`. Element Attribute Should Match ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, pattern, xpath=., message=None] Verifies that the specified attribute matches ``expected``. This keyword works exactly like `Element Attribute Should Be` except that the expected value can be given as a pattern that the attribute of the element must match. Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?' matches any single character. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Element Attribute Should Match | ${XML} | id | ? | xpath=first | | Element Attribute Should Match | ${XML} | id | c*d | xpath=third/second | Element Should Exist ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=., message=None] Verifies that one or more element match the given ``xpath``. Arguments ``source`` and ``xpath`` have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword. Keyword passes if the ``xpath`` matches one or more elements in the ``source``. The default error message can be overridden with the ``message`` argument. See also `Element Should Not Exist` as well as `Get Element Count` that this keyword uses internally. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Element Should Not Exist ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=., message=None] Verifies that no element match the given ``xpath``. Arguments ``source`` and ``xpath`` have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword. Keyword fails if the ``xpath`` matches any element in the ``source``. The default error message can be overridden with the ``message`` argument. See also `Element Should Exist` as well as `Get Element Count` that this keyword uses internally. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Element Should Not Have Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, xpath=., message=None] Verifies that the specified element does not have attribute ``name``. The element whose attribute is verified is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The keyword fails if the specified element has attribute ``name``. The default error message can be overridden with the ``message`` argument. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id | | Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | xxx | xpath=first | See also `Get Element Attribute`, `Get Element Attributes`, `Element Text Should Be` and `Element Text Should Match`. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Element Text Should Be ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, expected, xpath=., normalize_whitespace=False, message=None] Verifies that the text of the specified element is ``expected``. The element whose text is verified is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The text to verify is got from the specified element using the same logic as with `Get Element Text`. This includes optional whitespace normalization using the ``normalize_whitespace`` option. The keyword passes if the text of the element is equal to the ``expected`` value, and otherwise it fails. The default error message can be overridden with the ``message`` argument. Use `Element Text Should Match` to verify the text against a pattern instead of an exact value. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | text | xpath=first | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | ${EMPTY} | xpath=second/child | | ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p | | Element Text Should Be | ${paragraph} | Text with bold and italics. | normalize_whitespace=yes | Element Text Should Match ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, pattern, xpath=., normalize_whitespace=False, message=None] Verifies that the text of the specified element matches ``expected``. This keyword works exactly like `Element Text Should Be` except that the expected value can be given as a pattern that the text of the element must match. Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?' matches any single character. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Element Text Should Match | ${XML} | t??? | xpath=first | | ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p | | Element Text Should Match | ${paragraph} | Text with * and *. | normalize_whitespace=yes | Element To String ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=., encoding=None] Returns the string representation of the specified element. The element to convert to a string is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. By default the string is returned as Unicode. If ``encoding`` argument is given any value, the string is returned as bytes in the specified encoding. The resulting string never contains the XML declaration. See also `Log Element` and `Save XML`. Elements Should Be Equal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, expected, exclude_children=False, normalize_whitespace=False] Verifies that the given ``source`` element is equal to ``expected``. Both ``source`` and ``expected`` can be given as a path to an XML file, as a string containing XML, or as an already parsed XML element structure. See `introduction` for more information about parsing XML in general. The keyword passes if the ``source`` element and ``expected`` element are equal. This includes testing the tag names, texts, and attributes of the elements. By default also child elements are verified the same way, but this can be disabled by setting ``exclude_children`` to a true value (see `Boolean arguments`). All texts inside the given elements are verified, but possible text outside them is not. By default texts must match exactly, but setting ``normalize_whitespace`` to a true value makes text verification independent on newlines, tabs, and the amount of spaces. For more details about handling text see `Get Element Text` keyword and discussion about elements' `text` and `tail` attributes in the `introduction`. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | first | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${first} | text | | ${p} = | Get Element | ${XML} | html/p | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${p} |

Text with bold and italics.

| normalize_whitespace=yes | | Elements Should Be Equal | ${p} |

Text with

| exclude | normalize | The last example may look a bit strange because the ``

`` element only has text ``Text with``. The reason is that rest of the text inside ``

`` actually belongs to the child elements. See also `Elements Should Match`. Elements Should Match ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, expected, exclude_children=False, normalize_whitespace=False] Verifies that the given ``source`` element matches ``expected``. This keyword works exactly like `Elements Should Be Equal` except that texts and attribute values in the expected value can be given as patterns. Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?' matches any single character. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | first | | Elements Should Match | ${first} | * | See `Elements Should Be Equal` for more examples. Evaluate Xpath ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, expression, context=.] Evaluates the given xpath expression and returns results. The element in which context the expression is executed is specified using ``source`` and ``context`` arguments. They have exactly the same semantics as ``source`` and ``xpath`` arguments have with `Get Element` keyword. The xpath expression to evaluate is given as ``expression`` argument. The result of the evaluation is returned as-is. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${count} = | Evaluate Xpath | ${XML} | count(third/*) | | Should Be Equal | ${count} | ${3} | | ${text} = | Evaluate Xpath | ${XML} | string(descendant::second[last()]/@id) | | Should Be Equal | ${text} | child | | ${bold} = | Evaluate Xpath | ${XML} | boolean(preceding-sibling::*[1] = 'bold') | context=html/p/i | | Should Be Equal | ${bold} | ${True} | This keyword works only if lxml mode is taken into use when `importing` the library. New in Robot Framework 2.8.5. Get Child Elements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Returns the child elements of the specified element as a list. The element whose children to return is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. All the direct child elements of the specified element are returned. If the element has no children, an empty list is returned. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${children} = | Get Child Elements | ${XML} | | | Length Should Be | ${children} | 4 | | | ${children} = | Get Child Elements | ${XML} | xpath=first | | Should Be Empty | ${children} | | | Get Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Returns an element in the ``source`` matching the ``xpath``. The ``source`` can be a path to an XML file, a string containing XML, or an already parsed XML element. The ``xpath`` specifies which element to find. See the `introduction` for more details about both the possible sources and the supported xpath syntax. The keyword fails if more, or less, than one element matches the ``xpath``. Use `Get Elements` if you want all matching elements to be returned. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${element} = | Get Element | ${XML} | second | | ${child} = | Get Element | ${element} | child | `Parse XML` is recommended for parsing XML when the whole structure is needed. It must be used if there is a need to configure how XML namespaces are handled. Many other keywords use this keyword internally, and keywords modifying XML are typically documented to both to modify the given source and to return it. Modifying the source does not apply if the source is given as a string. The XML structure parsed based on the string and then modified is nevertheless returned. Get Element Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, xpath=., default=None] Returns the named attribute of the specified element. The element whose attribute to return is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The value of the attribute ``name`` of the specified element is returned. If the element does not have such element, the ``default`` value is returned instead. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${attribute} = | Get Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first | | Should Be Equal | ${attribute} | 1 | | | | ${attribute} = | Get Element Attribute | ${XML} | xx | xpath=first | default=value | | Should Be Equal | ${attribute} | value | | | See also `Get Element Attributes`, `Element Attribute Should Be`, `Element Attribute Should Match` and `Element Should Not Have Attribute`. Get Element Attributes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Returns all attributes of the specified element. The element whose attributes to return is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. Attributes are returned as a Python dictionary. It is a copy of the original attributes so modifying it has no effect on the XML structure. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${attributes} = | Get Element Attributes | ${XML} | first | | Dictionary Should Contain Key | ${attributes} | id | | | ${attributes} = | Get Element Attributes | ${XML} | third | | Should Be Empty | ${attributes} | | | Use `Get Element Attribute` to get the value of a single attribute. Get Element Count ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Returns and logs how many elements the given ``xpath`` matches. Arguments ``source`` and ``xpath`` have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword that this keyword uses internally. See also `Element Should Exist` and `Element Should Not Exist`. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Get Element Text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=., normalize_whitespace=False] Returns all text of the element, possibly whitespace normalized. The element whose text to return is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. This keyword returns all the text of the specified element, including all the text its children and grandchildren contains. If the element has no text, an empty string is returned. The returned text is thus not always the same as the `text` attribute of the element. Be default all whitespace, including newlines and indentation, inside the element is returned as-is. If ``normalize_whitespace`` is given a true value (see `Boolean arguments`), then leading and trailing whitespace is stripped, newlines and tabs converted to spaces, and multiple spaces collapsed into one. This is especially useful when dealing with HTML data. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${XML} | first | | Should Be Equal | ${text} | text | | | ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${XML} | second/child | | Should Be Empty | ${text} | | | | ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | html/p | | ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${paragraph} | normalize_whitespace=yes | | Should Be Equal | ${text} | Text with bold and italics. | See also `Get Elements Texts`, `Element Text Should Be` and `Element Text Should Match`. Get Elements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath] Returns a list of elements in the ``source`` matching the ``xpath``. The ``source`` can be a path to an XML file, a string containing XML, or an already parsed XML element. The ``xpath`` specifies which element to find. See the `introduction` for more details. Elements matching the ``xpath`` are returned as a list. If no elements match, an empty list is returned. Use `Get Element` if you want to get exactly one match. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | ${children} = | Get Elements | ${XML} | third/child | | Length Should Be | ${children} | 2 | | | ${children} = | Get Elements | ${XML} | first/child | | Should Be Empty | ${children} | | | Get Elements Texts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath, normalize_whitespace=False] Returns text of all elements matching ``xpath`` as a list. The elements whose text to return is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword. The text of the matched elements is returned using the same logic as with `Get Element Text`. This includes optional whitespace normalization using the ``normalize_whitespace`` option. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | @{texts} = | Get Elements Texts | ${XML} | third/child | | Length Should Be | ${texts} | 2 | | | Should Be Equal | @{texts}[0] | more text | | | Should Be Equal | @{texts}[1] | ${EMPTY} | | Log Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, level=INFO, xpath=.] Logs the string representation of the specified element. The element specified with ``source`` and ``xpath`` is first converted into a string using `Element To String` keyword internally. The resulting string is then logged using the given ``level``. The logged string is also returned. Parse Xml ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, keep_clark_notation=False] Parses the given XML file or string into an element structure. The ``source`` can either be a path to an XML file or a string containing XML. In both cases the XML is parsed into ElementTree [http://docs.python.org/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml.etree.ElementTr ee.Element|element structure] and the root element is returned. Possible comments and processing instructions in the source XML are removed. As discussed in `Handling XML namespaces` section, this keyword, by default, strips possible namespaces added by ElementTree into tag names. This typically eases handling XML documents with namespaces considerably. If you do not want that to happen, or want to avoid the small overhead of going through the element structure when your XML does not have namespaces, you can disable this feature by giving ``keep_clark_notation`` argument a true value (see `Boolean arguments`). Examples: | ${root} = | Parse XML | | | ${xml} = | Parse XML | ${CURDIR}/test.xml | no namespace cleanup | Use `Get Element` keyword if you want to get a certain element and not the whole structure. See `Parsing XML` section for more details and examples. Stripping namespaces is a new feature in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Remove Element ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=, remove_tail=False] Removes the element matching ``xpath`` from the ``source`` structure. The element to remove from the ``source`` is specified with ``xpath`` using the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. The keyword fails if ``xpath`` does not match exactly one element. Use `Remove Elements` to remove all matched elements. Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed by giving ``remove_tail`` a true value (see `Boolean arguments`). See `Element attributes` section for more information about `tail` in general. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Remove Element | ${XML} | xpath=second | | Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=second | | Remove Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p/b | remove_tail=yes | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes | New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Remove Element Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, xpath=.] Removes attribute ``name`` from the specified element. The element whose attribute to remove is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. It is not a failure to remove a non-existing attribute. Use `Remove Element Attributes` to remove all attributes and `Set Element Attribute` to set them. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Remove Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first | | Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first | Can only remove an attribute from a single element. Use `Remove Elements Attribute` to remove an attribute of multiple elements in one call. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Remove Element Attributes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Removes all attributes from the specified element. The element whose attributes to remove is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. Use `Remove Element Attribute` to remove a single attribute and `Set Element Attribute` to set them. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Remove Element Attributes | ${XML} | xpath=first | | Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first | Can only remove attributes from a single element. Use `Remove Elements Attributes` to remove all attributes of multiple elements in one call. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Remove Elements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=, remove_tail=False] Removes all elements matching ``xpath`` from the ``source`` structure. The elements to remove from the ``source`` are specified with ``xpath`` using the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. It is not a failure if ``xpath`` matches no elements. Use `Remove Element` to remove exactly one element. Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed by using ``remove_tail`` argument similarly as with `Remove Element`. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Remove Elements | ${XML} | xpath=*/child | | Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=second/child | | Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=third/child | New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Remove Elements Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, xpath=.] Removes attribute ``name`` from the specified elements. Like `Remove Element Attribute` but removes the attribute of all elements matching the given ``xpath``. New in Robot Framework 2.8.6. Remove Elements Attributes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, xpath=.] Removes all attributes from the specified elements. Like `Remove Element Attributes` but removes all attributes of all elements matching the given ``xpath``. New in Robot Framework 2.8.6. Save Xml ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, path, encoding=UTF-8] Saves the given element to the specified file. The element to save is specified with ``source`` using the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The file where the element is saved is denoted with ``path`` and the encoding to use with ``encoding``. The resulting file always contains the XML declaration. The resulting XML file may not be exactly the same as the original: - Comments and processing instructions are always stripped. - Possible doctype and namespace prefixes are only preserved when `using lxml`. - Other small differences are possible depending on the ElementTree or lxml version. Use `Element To String` if you just need a string representation of the element. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Set Element Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, value, xpath=.] Sets attribute ``name`` of the specified element to ``value``. The element whose attribute to set is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. It is possible to both set new attributes and to overwrite existing. Use `Remove Element Attribute` or `Remove Element Attributes` for removing them. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Set Element Attribute | ${XML} | attr | value | | Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | attr | value | | Set Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | new | xpath=first | | Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | new | xpath=first | Can only set an attribute of a single element. Use `Set Elements Attribute` to set an attribute of multiple elements in one call. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Set Element Tag ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, tag, xpath=.] Sets the tag of the specified element. The element whose tag to set is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Set Element Tag | ${XML} | newTag | | Should Be Equal | ${XML.tag} | newTag | | Set Element Tag | ${XML} | xxx | xpath=second/child | | Element Should Exist | ${XML} | second/xxx | | Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | second/child | Can only set the tag of a single element. Use `Set Elements Tag` to set the tag of multiple elements in one call. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Set Element Text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, text=None, tail=None, xpath=.] Sets text and/or tail text of the specified element. The element whose text to set is specified using ``source`` and ``xpath``. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The resulting XML structure is returned, and if the ``source`` is an already parsed XML structure, it is also modified in place. Element's text and tail text are changed only if new ``text`` and/or ``tail`` values are given. See `Element attributes` section for more information about `text` and `tail` in general. Examples using ``${XML}`` structure from `Example`: | Set Element Text | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first | | Set Element Text | ${XML} | tail=& | xpath=html/p/b | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with bold&italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes | | Set Element Text | ${XML} | slanted | !! | xpath=html/p/i | | Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with bold&slanted!! | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes | Can only set the text/tail of a single element. Use `Set Elements Text` to set the text/tail of multiple elements in one call. New in Robot Framework 2.7.5. Set Elements Attribute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, name, value, xpath=.] Sets attribute ``name`` of the specified elements to ``value``. Like `Set Element Attribute` but sets the attribute of all elements matching the given ``xpath``. New in Robot Framework 2.8.6. Set Elements Tag ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, tag, xpath=.] Sets the tag of the specified elements. Like `Set Element Tag` but sets the tag of all elements matching the given ``xpath``. New in Robot Framework 2.8.6. Set Elements Text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arguments: [source, text=None, tail=None, xpath=.] Sets text and/or tail text of the specified elements. Like `Set Element Text` but sets the text or tail of all elements matching the given ``xpath``. New in Robot Framework 2.8.6.